Luke

Part One: Introduction to Luke

The Author

Luke was "the beloved physician" (Colossians 4:14) and a faithful companion of the apostle Paul. In Colossians 4:10-14, Paul lists him separately from his Jewish fellow workers ("who are of the circumcision"), which suggests Luke was a Gentile, the only Gentile writer of the New Testament. He travelled with Paul, as the "we" passages in Acts show (Acts 16:10-17; 20:5-21:18; 27:1-28:16), and stayed with him to the end: "Only Luke is with me" (2 Timothy 4:11; Philemon 24). Luke wrote both this Gospel and the book of Acts, each addressed to "Theophilus" (Luke 1:3; Acts 1:1). Together they make up more than a quarter of the New Testament.

Luke the Historian

Luke opens with a formal prologue explaining his careful method:

Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth in order a declaration of those things which are most surely believed among us, Even as they delivered them unto us, which from the beginning were eyewitnesses, and ministers of the word; It seemed good to me also, having had perfect understanding of all things from the very first, to write unto thee in order, most excellent Theophilus, That thou mightest know the certainty of those things, wherein thou hast been instructed.

Luke 1:1-4

He investigated the facts, drew on eyewitnesses, and wrote an orderly account so that his reader might know the certainty of the gospel. He anchors events in world history: the days of Herod king of Judea (1:5), the decree of Caesar Augustus and the governorship of Cyrenius (Quirinius) (2:1-2), and an elaborate dating of John the Baptist's ministry in the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar, naming Pontius Pilate, Herod Antipas, Philip, Lysanias, Annas and Caiaphas (3:1-2). Archaeology has repeatedly confirmed Luke's accuracy, for example an inscription naming a Lysanias as tetrarch of Abilene in this period.

Date

Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome around AD 62, without recording his trial or death. Since Luke was written before Acts (Acts 1:1), it was probably completed around AD 60.

Purpose and Theme

Luke wrote to give an orderly, reliable account of Jesus' life, presenting Him as the Son of Man and the Saviour of all people, especially the lost, the poor and the outcast.

For the Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost.

Luke 19:10

For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord.

Luke 2:11

Distinctive Features

• The Saviour of all. Luke traces Jesus' genealogy back to Adam (3:38), not only to Abraham, showing He came for all humanity. Simeon calls Him "a light to lighten the Gentiles" (2:32), and Luke extends the quotation of Isaiah 40 to include "all flesh shall see the salvation of God" (3:6).
• Concern for outcasts. Luke gives special attention to women, the poor, Samaritans, tax collectors, sinners, widows and children.
• Prayer. Luke shows Jesus praying at every major moment: at His baptism, before choosing the twelve, at the transfiguration, in Gethsemane and on the cross.
• The Holy Spirit. Luke mentions the Spirit more than Matthew and Mark combined, preparing for Acts.
• Joy and praise. Luke records the songs of Mary, Zacharias, the angels and Simeon, and ends with the disciples "continually in the temple, praising and blessing God" (24:53).
• Money and possessions. Luke has much teaching on wealth, generosity and the danger of riches.
• Medical detail. As a physician, Luke notes that Peter's mother-in-law had "a great fever" (4:38), the leper was "full of leprosy" (5:12), and Jesus' sweat was "as it were great drops of blood" (22:44).
• Unique material. About half of Luke is not found in the other Gospels, including some of Jesus' best-known parables.

The Songs of Luke

Material Found Only in Luke

The announcement of John's birth; the annunciation to Mary; Mary's visit to Elisabeth; the four songs; the shepherds; Jesus' presentation in the temple, with Simeon and Anna; the boy Jesus in the temple; John the Baptist's practical teaching (3:10-14); the sermon at Nazareth (4:16-30); the miraculous catch of fish (5:1-11); the widow of Nain's son (7:11-17); the sinful woman at Simon's house (7:36-50); the women who supported Jesus (8:1-3); the sending of the seventy (10:1-24); the Good Samaritan; Martha and Mary; the friend at midnight; the rich fool; the barren fig tree; the woman bowed for eighteen years; the great supper (in this form); counting the cost; the lost coin and the prodigal son; the unjust steward; the rich man and Lazarus; the ten lepers; the unjust judge; the Pharisee and the publican; Zacchaeus; Jesus weeping over Jerusalem; the sweat like drops of blood; Jesus before Herod; "Father, forgive them"; the penitent thief; "Father, into thy hands"; the walk to Emmaus; and the ascension from Bethany.

Outline of Luke

Part Two: Chapter-by-Chapter Analysis

Events shared with Matthew and Mark are treated more briefly here; see those studies for fuller comment.

Section II: The Birth and Childhood of John and Jesus (Chapters 1-2)

Chapter 1 — Two Announcements and Two Songs

Gabriel and Zacharias (1:5-25). Zacharias, a priest "of the course of Abia," and his wife Elisabeth "were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless. And they had no child" (1:5-7). While Zacharias burned incense in the temple, the angel Gabriel appeared and announced that Elisabeth would bear a son, John, who would be "great in the sight of the Lord," "filled with the Holy Ghost, even from his mother's womb," and would go before the Lord "in the spirit and power of Elias, to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children... to make ready a people prepared for the Lord" (1:13-17; Malachi 4:5-6). Because Zacharias doubted, he was struck dumb until the promise was fulfilled (1:18-22). Elisabeth conceived and rejoiced that the Lord had taken away her reproach (1:24-25).

Gabriel and Mary (1:26-38). Six months later Gabriel was sent to Nazareth, "To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary" (1:27). "Hail, thou that art highly favoured, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women" (1:28). Mary was troubled, but the angel said:

Fear not, Mary: for thou hast found favour with God. And, behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and bring forth a son, and shalt call his name JESUS. He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David: And he shall reign over the house of Jacob for ever; and of his kingdom there shall be no end.

Luke 1:30-33

"How shall this be, seeing I know not a man?" (1:34).

The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee: therefore also that holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God.

Luke 1:35

"For with God nothing shall be impossible" (1:37). Mary answered with simple faith and surrender: "Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it unto me according to thy word" (1:38). The virgin birth fulfilled Isaiah 7:14, and ensured that Jesus would be both truly human and the sinless Son of God. "Favoured" means she received God's grace, not that she dispenses it.

Mary visits Elisabeth (1:39-45). When Mary greeted Elisabeth, "the babe leaped in her womb; and Elisabeth was filled with the Holy Ghost," and said, "Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. And whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me?" (1:41-43). Even before birth, John rejoiced at the presence of Jesus, a testimony to the life and personhood of the unborn.

The Magnificat (1:46-56). Mary's song is full of Old Testament language, especially Hannah's prayer (1 Samuel 2:1-10):

My soul doth magnify the Lord, And my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Saviour. For he hath regarded the low estate of his handmaiden: for, behold, from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed.

Luke 1:46-48

Mary called God "my Saviour": she too was a sinner in need of salvation. She praised God who "hath put down the mighty from their seats, and exalted them of low degree. He hath filled the hungry with good things; and the rich he hath sent empty away" (1:52-53), and who remembered His mercy "As he spake to our fathers, to Abraham, and to his seed for ever" (1:55).

John's birth and the Benedictus (1:57-80). At John's circumcision, the relatives wanted to name him after his father, but Elisabeth said, "he shall be called John," and Zacharias wrote, "His name is John." Immediately his mouth was opened, and he praised God (1:59-64). Filled with the Holy Ghost, he prophesied:

Blessed be the Lord God of Israel; for he hath visited and redeemed his people, And hath raised up an horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant David

Luke 1:68-69

God was keeping His covenant: "To perform the mercy promised to our fathers, and to remember his holy covenant; The oath which he sware to our father Abraham" (1:72-73; Micah 7:20). To his own son he said, "And thou, child, shalt be called the prophet of the Highest: for thou shalt go before the face of the Lord to prepare his ways; To give knowledge of salvation unto his people by the remission of their sins" (1:76-77). The coming Messiah is "the dayspring from on high," who would "give light to them that sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace" (1:78-79; Malachi 4:2; Isaiah 9:2).

Chapter 2 — The Birth and Childhood of Jesus

The birth (2:1-7). "There went out a decree from Caesar Augustus, that all the world should be taxed" (2:1). God used the decree of the most powerful man on earth to bring Joseph and Mary from Nazareth to Bethlehem, "because he was of the house and lineage of David," fulfilling Micah 5:2 (2:3-5). (The reference to "Cyrenius" (Quirinius) in 2:2 has been much discussed; Quirinius is known to have held office in Syria, and the verse may refer to an earlier registration under him or be read "before Quirinius was governor.")

And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn.

Luke 2:7

The King of kings was born in humble circumstances and laid in an animal's feeding trough.

The shepherds (2:8-20). The first announcement went not to kings or priests but to shepherds watching their flocks at night, humble working men.

And the angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord.

Luke 2:10-11

He is Saviour, Christ (Messiah) and Lord. The sign was a baby in a manger (2:12). Then a multitude of the heavenly host praised God:

Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men.

Luke 2:14

The shepherds hurried to Bethlehem, found the baby, and spread the news, and returned "glorifying and praising God" (2:15-20). "But Mary kept all these things, and pondered them in her heart" (2:19).

The presentation in the temple (2:21-39). Jesus was circumcised on the eighth day and named Jesus (2:21). At the time of purification, Mary and Joseph brought Him to Jerusalem to present Him to the Lord as a firstborn son (Exodus 13:2) and to offer "a pair of turtledoves, or two young pigeons" (2:22-24), the offering of the poor (Leviticus 12:8).

Simeon, "just and devout, waiting for the consolation of Israel," had been told by the Holy Spirit that he would not die before seeing the Lord's Christ. He took the baby in his arms and blessed God:

Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to thy word: For mine eyes have seen thy salvation, Which thou hast prepared before the face of all people; A light to lighten the Gentiles, and the glory of thy people Israel.

Luke 2:29-32

To Mary he said, "this child is set for the fall and rising again of many in Israel; and for a sign which shall be spoken against; (Yea, a sword shall pierce through thy own soul also,)" (2:34-35), foreshadowing the cross. Anna, an elderly prophetess and widow who served God with fasting and prayer night and day, gave thanks and "spake of him to all them that looked for redemption in Jerusalem" (2:36-38).

The boy Jesus in the temple (2:40-52). "And the child grew, and waxed strong in spirit, filled with wisdom: and the grace of God was upon him" (2:40). At twelve, Jesus went with His parents to Jerusalem for the Passover. When they started home, He stayed behind. After three days they found Him in the temple, "sitting in the midst of the doctors, both hearing them, and asking them questions. And all that heard him were astonished at his understanding and answers" (2:46-47). When Mary said, "thy father and I have sought thee sorrowing," Jesus answered:

How is it that ye sought me? wist ye not that I must be about my Father's business?

Luke 2:49

These first recorded words of Jesus show His awareness of His unique relationship with God the Father. Yet He returned to Nazareth "and was subject unto them" (2:51).

And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature, and in favour with God and man.

Luke 2:52

He grew intellectually, physically, spiritually and socially, a real human childhood.

Section III: Preparation for Ministry (Chapters 3:1-4:13)

Chapter 3 — John the Baptist, the Baptism and the Genealogy

Luke dates John's ministry precisely: "in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar" (about AD 26-29), naming the rulers of the day, when "the word of God came unto John the son of Zacharias in the wilderness" (3:1-2). Luke extends the quotation from Isaiah 40:3-5: "And all flesh shall see the salvation of God" (3:4-6).

John's preaching was practical. When the people asked, "What shall we do then?", he answered: "He that hath two coats, let him impart to him that hath none." To tax collectors: "Exact no more than that which is appointed you." To soldiers: "Do violence to no man, neither accuse any falsely; and be content with your wages" (3:10-14). True repentance shows itself in everyday conduct. When people wondered whether John was the Christ, he pointed to One mightier who would baptize "with the Holy Ghost and with fire" (3:15-17). Herod Antipas imprisoned him for rebuking his marriage to Herodias (3:19-20).

At Jesus' baptism, Luke notes that Jesus was "praying" when "the heaven was opened, And the Holy Ghost descended in a bodily shape like a dove upon him, and a voice came from heaven, which said, Thou art my beloved Son; in thee I am well pleased" (3:21-22).

"And Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age, being (as was supposed) the son of Joseph, which was the son of Heli" (3:23). Luke's genealogy differs from Matthew's. Many conservative scholars believe Luke traces Mary's line: Heli was Mary's father, and Joseph is named as his son-in-law, "as was supposed" making clear that Jesus was not Joseph's natural son. Luke's line comes through David's son Nathan (3:31), not Solomon and the cursed line of Jeconiah (Jeremiah 22:30). Luke traces it all the way back to "Adam, which was the son of God" (3:38): Jesus is the Saviour of the whole human race, the last Adam (1 Corinthians 15:45).

Chapter 4:1-13 — The Temptation

"And Jesus being full of the Holy Ghost returned from Jordan, and was led by the Spirit into the wilderness" (4:1). Luke's order of the temptations (bread, the kingdoms, the temple pinnacle) ends in Jerusalem, the city that is the goal of Luke's Gospel. Jesus answered each with Scripture (see the Matthew study). "And when the devil had ended all the temptation, he departed from him for a season" (4:13); he would return at the cross (22:3, 53).

Section IV: Ministry in Galilee (Chapters 4:14-9:50)

Chapter 4:14-44 — The Sermon at Nazareth

"And Jesus returned in the power of the Spirit into Galilee" (4:14). In the synagogue at Nazareth, He stood up to read and was handed the book of Isaiah:

The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised, To preach the acceptable year of the Lord.

Luke 4:18-19

He closed the book, sat down, and said, "This day is this scripture fulfilled in your ears" (4:20-21). This was His mission statement. Significantly, He stopped in the middle of Isaiah 61:2, before "and the day of vengeance of our God." His first coming was for grace; the day of vengeance awaits His second coming.

The people marvelled at His "gracious words," but asked, "Is not this Joseph's son?" (4:22). Jesus said, "No prophet is accepted in his own country," and reminded them that Elijah was sent to a Gentile widow in Sarepta and Elisha cleansed only Naaman the Syrian (4:24-27). Hearing that God's grace had gone to Gentiles, they were filled with wrath and tried to throw Him off the cliff, "But he passing through the midst of them went his way" (4:28-30).

At Capernaum He cast out an unclean spirit (4:31-37), rebuked the "great fever" of Simon's mother-in-law (4:38-39), and healed many at sunset (4:40-41). He said, "I must preach the kingdom of God to other cities also: for therefore am I sent" (4:43).

Chapter 5 — Fishers of Men, Forgiveness and Feasting

By the lake of Gennesaret, Jesus taught from Simon's boat, then told him to let down his nets. Simon replied, "Master, we have toiled all the night, and have taken nothing: nevertheless at thy word I will let down the net" (5:5). The catch was so great the nets broke and both boats began to sink (5:6-7).

When Simon Peter saw it, he fell down at Jesus' knees, saying, Depart from me; for I am a sinful man, O Lord.

Luke 5:8

In the presence of Christ's power, Peter saw his own sinfulness (compare Isaiah 6:5). Jesus said, "Fear not; from henceforth thou shalt catch men." They "forsook all, and followed him" (5:10-11).

Jesus healed a man "full of leprosy" (5:12-14). As His fame spread, "he withdrew himself into the wilderness, and prayed" (5:16). He forgave and healed a paralysed man let down "through the tiling" (5:17-26). He called Levi, who "left all, rose up, and followed him" and made Him "a great feast in his own house" with many tax collectors (5:27-29). "I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance" (5:32). New wine needs new bottles, though people prefer the old: "The old is better" (5:36-39).

Chapter 6 — Prayer, the Twelve and the Sermon on the Plain

After controversies about the Sabbath (6:1-11), Jesus "went out into a mountain to pray, and continued all night in prayer to God" (6:12). Then He chose the twelve apostles (6:13-16). The most important decisions were made after a night of prayer.

Coming down to "the plain," He healed many and taught His disciples (6:17-19). The Sermon on the Plain parallels much of the Sermon on the Mount, with four blessings and four woes:

"Love your enemies, do good to them which hate you, Bless them that curse you, and pray for them which despitefully use you" (6:27-28). "And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise" (6:31). "Be ye therefore merciful, as your Father also is merciful" (6:36).

Judge not, and ye shall not be judged: condemn not, and ye shall not be condemned: forgive, and ye shall be forgiven: Give, and it shall be given unto you; good measure, pressed down, and shaken together, and running over, shall men give into your bosom. For with the same measure that ye mete withal it shall be measured to you again.

Luke 6:37-38

"Can the blind lead the blind?" (6:39). A good tree brings forth good fruit; "of the abundance of the heart his mouth speaketh" (6:43-45). "And why call ye me, Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I say?" (6:46). The wise builder digs deep and builds on the rock (6:47-49).

Chapter 7 — Compassion for the Outsider

The centurion's servant (7:1-10). The Jewish elders pleaded for a Roman centurion: "he loveth our nation, and he hath built us a synagogue." But the centurion himself sent word, "Lord, trouble not thyself: for I am not worthy that thou shouldest enter under my roof... but say in a word, and my servant shall be healed" (7:4-7). Jesus marvelled: "I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel" (7:9).

The widow of Nain (7:11-17). Approaching the town of Nain, Jesus met a funeral procession: "a dead man carried out, the only son of his mother, and she was a widow" (7:12). She had lost her husband and now her only means of support.

And when the Lord saw her, he had compassion on her, and said unto her, Weep not. And he came and touched the bier... And he said, Young man, I say unto thee, Arise. And he that was dead sat up, and began to speak. And he delivered him to his mother.

Luke 7:13-15

"A great prophet is risen up among us... God hath visited his people" (7:16; compare Elijah, 1 Kings 17:17-24).

John's question (7:18-35). As in Matthew 11, Jesus answered John's question with His works and praised John, but "he that is least in the kingdom of God is greater than he" (7:28). The common people and tax collectors "justified God, being baptized with the baptism of John. But the Pharisees and lawyers rejected the counsel of God against themselves" (7:29-30). "But wisdom is justified of all her children" (7:35).

The sinful woman (7:36-50). At the house of Simon the Pharisee, a woman known in the city as a sinner came with an alabaster box of ointment. Weeping, she washed Jesus' feet with her tears, wiped them with her hair, kissed them and anointed them (7:37-38). Simon thought, "This man, if he were a prophet, would have known who and what manner of woman this is" (7:39). Jesus told him a parable of two debtors, one owing five hundred pence and the other fifty; both were forgiven. "Which of them will love him most?" "I suppose that he, to whom he forgave most" (7:41-43). Jesus contrasted Simon's cold hospitality with the woman's devotion (7:44-46).

Wherefore I say unto thee, Her sins, which are many, are forgiven; for she loved much: but to whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little.

Luke 7:47

Her love was not the cause of her forgiveness but the evidence of it, as the parable shows (the one forgiven more loves more). "Thy sins are forgiven... Thy faith hath saved thee; go in peace" (7:48, 50). She was saved by faith; her love flowed from forgiveness. Those who think they need little forgiveness love little.

Chapter 8 — Hearing the Word and Seeing His Power

The women (8:1-3). As Jesus preached from city to city, the twelve were with Him, and also "certain women, which had been healed of evil spirits and infirmities, Mary called Magdalene, out of whom went seven devils, And Joanna the wife of Chuza Herod's steward, and Susanna, and many others, which ministered unto him of their substance" (8:2-3). Women were honoured disciples and supported His ministry financially.

The sower and hearing (8:4-21). The good ground represents those "which in an honest and good heart, having heard the word, keep it, and bring forth fruit with patience" (8:15). "Take heed therefore how ye hear" (8:18). Jesus' true family are "these which hear the word of God, and do it" (8:21).

Power over storm, demons, disease and death (8:22-56). He calmed the storm: "Where is your faith?" (8:25). He delivered the Gadarene demoniac named Legion, then sent him home: "Return to thine own house, and shew how great things God hath done unto thee" (8:26-39). Luke the physician notes that the woman with the issue of blood "had spent all her living upon physicians, neither could be healed of any" (8:43). Jesus said, "Somebody hath touched me: for I perceive that virtue is gone out of me" (8:46). To Jairus, whose only daughter had died, He said, "Fear not: believe only, and she shall be made whole," and took her by the hand: "Maid, arise" (8:49-55).

Chapter 9:1-50 — The Christ of God

Jesus sent out the twelve to preach and heal (9:1-6). Herod was perplexed about Him (9:7-9). He fed five thousand (9:10-17). Then, "as he was alone praying," He asked the disciples, "Whom say ye that I am? Peter answering said, The Christ of God" (9:18-20). He foretold His suffering and resurrection (9:22) and taught: "If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me" (9:23). Luke alone adds "daily": discipleship is a daily surrender.

"As he prayed," He was transfigured (9:29). Moses and Elijah "appeared in glory, and spake of his decease which he should accomplish at Jerusalem" (9:31). The word "decease" is literally "exodus": His death would be a new exodus, delivering His people from bondage. The Father said, "This is my beloved Son: hear him" (9:35). He healed a demon-possessed boy (9:37-43), again foretold His betrayal (9:44), and taught that "he that is least among you all, the same shall be great" (9:48).

Section V: The Journey to Jerusalem (Chapters 9:51-19:27)

This long central section, much of it found only in Luke, describes Jesus' journey toward the cross and contains many of His best-loved parables.

Chapter 9:51-62 — Setting His Face

And it came to pass, when the time was come that he should be received up, he stedfastly set his face to go to Jerusalem

Luke 9:51

With full knowledge of what awaited Him, Jesus resolutely headed for the cross (Isaiah 50:7). A Samaritan village refused to receive Him. James and John asked, "Lord, wilt thou that we command fire to come down from heaven, and consume them, even as Elias did?" Jesus rebuked them: "Ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of. For the Son of man is not come to destroy men's lives, but to save them" (9:52-56). To would-be followers He spoke of the cost: "Foxes have holes... but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head" (9:58); "Let the dead bury their dead: but go thou and preach the kingdom of God" (9:60); "No man, having put his hand to the plough, and looking back, is fit for the kingdom of God" (9:62).

Chapter 10 — The Seventy, the Samaritan, and Martha and Mary

The seventy (10:1-24). Jesus sent out seventy others, two by two, ahead of Him: "The harvest truly is great, but the labourers are few: pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest" (10:2). "Go your ways: behold, I send you forth as lambs among wolves" (10:3). "The labourer is worthy of his hire" (10:7), a verse Paul later quotes as Scripture (1 Timothy 5:18). "He that heareth you heareth me" (10:16). They returned with joy: "Lord, even the devils are subject unto us through thy name." Jesus said, "I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven... Notwithstanding in this rejoice not, that the spirits are subject unto you; but rather rejoice, because your names are written in heaven" (10:17-20). Salvation is a greater cause for joy than power. "In that hour Jesus rejoiced in spirit" and thanked the Father for revealing these things to babes (10:21).

The Good Samaritan (10:25-37). A lawyer asked, "Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life?" Jesus asked what the law said; the lawyer quoted the commands to love God and neighbour. "This do, and thou shalt live." But, "willing to justify himself," he asked, "And who is my neighbour?" (10:25-29). Jesus told of a man going down from Jerusalem to Jericho who fell among thieves, was stripped, wounded and left half dead. A priest and a Levite saw him and "passed by on the other side."

But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was: and when he saw him, he had compassion on him, And went to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring in oil and wine, and set him on his own beast, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him.

Luke 10:33-34

He paid the innkeeper and promised, "whatsoever thou spendest more, when I come again, I will repay thee" (10:35). "Which now of these three, thinkest thou, was neighbour unto him that fell among the thieves? And he said, He that shewed mercy on him. Then said Jesus unto him, Go, and do thou likewise" (10:36-37). Jews despised Samaritans; Jesus made a Samaritan the hero. The question is not "Who is my neighbour?" but "Am I a neighbour to anyone in need?" Christians have also long seen in the Samaritan a picture of Christ, who found us wounded and dying, had compassion, bound our wounds, paid the price, and promised to return. (Compare 2 Chronicles 28:15, where Samaritans showed similar mercy.)

Martha and Mary (10:38-42). In Bethany, Martha welcomed Jesus and was "cumbered about much serving," while her sister Mary "sat at Jesus' feet, and heard his word." Martha complained, but Jesus answered:

Martha, Martha, thou art careful and troubled about many things: But one thing is needful: and Mary hath chosen that good part, which shall not be taken away from her.

Luke 10:41-42

Service is good, but sitting at Jesus' feet to hear His word comes first. Busyness for Christ must not replace time with Christ.

Chapter 11 — Prayer and Warnings

"Lord, teach us to pray" (11:1). Jesus gave a shorter form of the Lord's Prayer (11:2-4). Then He told of a man who went to his friend at midnight to borrow bread; "because of his importunity" (persistence) the friend got up and gave him what he needed (11:5-8). "Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you" (11:9).

If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your children: how much more shall your heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to them that ask him?

Luke 11:13

When accused of casting out devils by Beelzebub, Jesus said He did it "with the finger of God" (11:20; compare Exodus 8:19), the stronger man overcoming the strong man (11:21-22). When a woman called His mother blessed, He said, "Yea rather, blessed are they that hear the word of God, and keep it" (11:27-28). He gave the sign of Jonah (11:29-32), and taught that the eye is the light of the body (11:33-36). At a Pharisee's dinner He pronounced woes on the Pharisees, who tithed herbs but passed over "judgment and the love of God" (11:42), and on the lawyers, who "have taken away the key of knowledge" (11:52).

Chapter 12 — Hypocrisy, Covetousness and Readiness

"Beware ye of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy. For there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed" (12:1-2). "Fear him, which after he hath killed hath power to cast into hell" (12:5). God cares for sparrows; "the very hairs of your head are all numbered" (12:6-7).

The rich fool (12:13-21). Asked to settle an inheritance dispute, Jesus said:

Take heed, and beware of covetousness: for a man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth.

Luke 12:15

A rich farmer planned to build bigger barns and say to his soul, "Soul, thou hast much goods laid up for many years; take thine ease, eat, drink, and be merry. But God said unto him, Thou fool, this night thy soul shall be required of thee: then whose shall those things be, which thou hast provided?" (12:19-20). "So is he that layeth up treasure for himself, and is not rich toward God" (12:21).

Trust instead of worry (12:22-34). "Consider the ravens... Consider the lilies" (12:24-27). "Seek ye the kingdom of God; and all these things shall be added unto you. Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father's good pleasure to give you the kingdom" (12:31-32). "Provide yourselves bags which wax not old, a treasure in the heavens that faileth not" (12:33).

Readiness (12:35-59). "Let your loins be girded about, and your lights burning" (12:35). Blessed are the servants whom the master finds watching (12:37). The faithful steward will be rewarded; the unfaithful punished, each according to his knowledge: "For unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall be much required" (12:47-48). "I am come to send fire on the earth... But I have a baptism to be baptized with; and how am I straitened till it be accomplished!" (12:49-50). He would bring division even in households (12:51-53). They could read the weather but not the times (12:54-56).

Chapter 13 — Repent or Perish

Some reported that Pilate had killed Galileans while they offered sacrifices. Jesus asked whether those victims, or the eighteen killed when the tower of Siloam fell, were worse sinners than others. "I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish" (13:1-5). Tragedies are not a measure of someone's guilt, but a warning to all.

The barren fig tree (13:6-9). A fig tree had borne no fruit for three years. The owner said to cut it down; the vinedresser asked for one more year to dig around it and fertilise it: "if it bear fruit, well: and if not, then after that thou shalt cut it down." God is patient, but His patience has an end.

The bowed woman (13:10-17). On the Sabbath, Jesus healed a woman "which had a spirit of infirmity eighteen years, and was bowed together, and could in no wise lift up herself": "Woman, thou art loosed from thine infirmity" (13:11-12). When the synagogue ruler objected, Jesus said, "ought not this woman, being a daughter of Abraham, whom Satan hath bound, lo, these eighteen years, be loosed from this bond on the sabbath day?" (13:16).

The narrow door (13:18-35). After the parables of the mustard seed and leaven (13:18-21), someone asked, "Lord, are there few that be saved?" Jesus answered, "Strive to enter in at the strait gate: for many, I say unto you, will seek to enter in, and shall not be able" (13:23-24). Once the master shuts the door, some will knock and claim acquaintance, but He will say, "I know you not whence ye are" (13:25-27). People will come from east, west, north and south to sit in God's kingdom (13:29). Warned that Herod wanted to kill Him, Jesus called Herod "that fox" and said, "it cannot be that a prophet perish out of Jerusalem" (13:31-33). He lamented over Jerusalem (13:34-35).

Chapter 14 — Humility, the Great Supper and the Cost

At a Pharisee's house on the Sabbath, Jesus healed a man with dropsy (14:1-6). Noticing guests choosing the best seats, He taught humility: take the lowest seat, "For whosoever exalteth himself shall be abased; and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted" (14:11). He told His host to invite "the poor, the maimed, the lame, the blind," who cannot repay: "thou shalt be recompensed at the resurrection of the just" (14:13-14).

The great supper (14:15-24). A man made a great supper and invited many, but they all made excuses: a piece of ground, five yoke of oxen, a new wife (14:18-20). The master sent his servant: "Go out quickly into the streets and lanes of the city, and bring in hither the poor, and the maimed, and the halt, and the blind" (14:21). When there was still room: "Go out into the highways and hedges, and compel them to come in, that my house may be filled" (14:23). God's invitation goes first to Israel, then to the outcasts, then to the Gentiles. "Compel" means urgent persuasion, not force.

Counting the cost (14:25-35). To the great crowds following Him: "If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple" (14:26). "Hate" here means to love less by comparison (compare Matthew 10:37); love for Christ must come first. "Whosoever doth not bear his cross, and come after me, cannot be my disciple" (14:27). A builder counts the cost before building a tower; a king considers whether he can win a war (14:28-32). "So likewise, whosoever he be of you that forsaketh not all that he hath, he cannot be my disciple" (14:33).

Chapter 15 — The Lost Sheep, the Lost Coin and the Lost Son

"Then drew near unto him all the publicans and sinners for to hear him. And the Pharisees and scribes murmured, saying, This man receiveth sinners, and eateth with them" (15:1-2). In response Jesus told three parables of lost things found:

• The lost sheep (15:3-7): a shepherd leaves the ninety-nine to find the one that is lost, carries it home on his shoulders rejoicing, and calls his friends to rejoice: "joy shall be in heaven over one sinner that repenteth, more than over ninety and nine just persons, which need no repentance."
• The lost coin (15:8-10): a woman lights a candle, sweeps the house and searches diligently until she finds her lost silver coin: "there is joy in the presence of the angels of God over one sinner that repenteth."
• The lost son (15:11-32): the greatest of the parables.

A younger son demanded his share of the inheritance, went to a far country and "wasted his substance with riotous living" (15:12-13). When famine came, he was reduced to feeding pigs and longing to eat their food (15:14-16).

And when he came to himself, he said, How many hired servants of my father's have bread enough and to spare, and I perish with hunger! I will arise and go to my father, and will say unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven, and before thee, And am no more worthy to be called thy son: make me as one of thy hired servants.

Luke 15:17-19

"And he arose, and came to his father. But when he was yet a great way off, his father saw him, and had compassion, and ran, and fell on his neck, and kissed him" (15:20). The father had been watching. He interrupted the son's confession and called for the best robe, a ring, shoes, and the fatted calf: "For this my son was dead, and is alive again; he was lost, and is found" (15:22-24). This is God's welcome to the repentant sinner: full forgiveness, restored sonship and joyful celebration.

But the elder brother, returning from the field, was angry and refused to go in. He complained, "these many years do I serve thee, neither transgressed I at any time thy commandment: and yet thou never gavest me a kid... But as soon as this thy son was come, which hath devoured thy living with harlots, thou hast killed for him the fatted calf" (15:28-30). The father pleaded with him, too: "Son, thou art ever with me, and all that I have is thine. It was meet that we should make merry, and be glad: for this thy brother was dead, and is alive again; and was lost, and is found" (15:31-32). The elder brother represents the Pharisees, outwardly obedient but without love for the father or the brother. The story ends without telling us whether he went in; the question is left for the Pharisees, and for every self-righteous reader.

Chapter 16 — The Unjust Steward and the Rich Man and Lazarus

The unjust steward (16:1-13). A steward about to be dismissed for wasting his master's goods reduced the debts of his master's debtors, so they would welcome him later. "The lord commended the unjust steward, because he had done wisely": not for his dishonesty but for his shrewd foresight. "The children of this world are in their generation wiser than the children of light" (16:8). Believers should use earthly wealth wisely for eternal purposes: "Make to yourselves friends of the mammon of unrighteousness; that, when ye fail, they may receive you into everlasting habitations" (16:9). "He that is faithful in that which is least is faithful also in much" (16:10). "Ye cannot serve God and mammon" (16:13). The covetous Pharisees mocked Him, but He said, "that which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God" (16:14-15).

The rich man and Lazarus (16:19-31). "There was a certain rich man, which was clothed in purple and fine linen, and fared sumptuously every day: And there was a certain beggar named Lazarus, which was laid at his gate, full of sores" (16:19-20). The dogs licked his sores. Both died. Lazarus "was carried by the angels into Abraham's bosom," the place of comfort; the rich man was buried, "And in hell he lift up his eyes, being in torments" (16:22-23).

And he cried and said, Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame.

Luke 16:24

Abraham replied that the rich man had received good things in life, and that "between us and you there is a great gulf fixed: so that they which would pass from hence to you cannot; neither can they pass to us, that would come from thence" (16:25-26). The rich man begged that Lazarus be sent to warn his five brothers. "They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them... If they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded, though one rose from the dead" (16:29-31).

Because a named person appears, many believe Jesus described an actual case rather than a parable. Either way, it teaches that the soul exists consciously after death; that there is immediate comfort for the righteous and torment for the lost; that destinies are fixed at death with no second chance; that hell is real; and that Scripture is sufficient to lead people to repentance. Even a resurrection does not convince those who reject God's Word, as the leaders' response to Jesus' own resurrection (and to the raising of another Lazarus, John 11-12) would show.

Chapter 17 — Forgiveness, Faith and Gratitude

"Take heed to yourselves: If thy brother trespass against thee, rebuke him; and if he repent, forgive him. And if he trespass against thee seven times in a day... thou shalt forgive him" (17:3-4). "And the apostles said unto the Lord, Increase our faith" (17:5). Even faith like a mustard seed can uproot a sycamine tree (17:6). Servants do not expect thanks for doing their duty: "We are unprofitable servants: we have done that which was our duty to do" (17:10).

The ten lepers (17:11-19). On the border of Samaria and Galilee, ten lepers cried, "Jesus, Master, have mercy on us." He told them to show themselves to the priests, "And it came to pass, that, as they went, they were cleansed" (17:12-14). One, seeing he was healed, turned back, glorified God with a loud voice, and fell at Jesus' feet giving thanks, "and he was a Samaritan" (17:15-16).

And Jesus answering said, Were there not ten cleansed? but where are the nine? There are not found that returned to give glory to God, save this stranger.

Luke 17:17-18

"Arise, go thy way: thy faith hath made thee whole" (17:19). Gratitude is rare, and the outsider often shows it best.

The coming of the kingdom (17:20-37). "The kingdom of God cometh not with observation... for, behold, the kingdom of God is within you" (17:20-21): it was already present among them in the person of the King. His future coming will be sudden, like lightning (17:24), like the days of Noah and of Lot, when people went about their business until judgment fell (17:26-30). "Remember Lot's wife" (17:32), who looked back. "Whosoever shall seek to save his life shall lose it" (17:33). One will be taken and the other left (17:34-36).

Chapter 18 — Persistent Prayer and Humble Faith

The unjust judge (18:1-8). "And he spake a parable unto them to this end, that men ought always to pray, and not to faint" (18:1). A widow kept coming to an unjust judge until he granted her justice just to be rid of her. If even he responded, "shall not God avenge his own elect, which cry day and night unto him...? I tell you that he will avenge them speedily. Nevertheless when the Son of man cometh, shall he find faith on the earth?" (18:7-8).

The Pharisee and the publican (18:9-14). Jesus told this parable "unto certain which trusted in themselves that they were righteous, and despised others" (18:9). Two men went up to the temple to pray.

The Pharisee stood and prayed thus with himself, God, I thank thee, that I am not as other men are, extortioners, unjust, adulterers, or even as this publican. I fast twice in the week, I give tithes of all that I possess. And the publican, standing afar off, would not lift up so much as his eyes unto heaven, but smote upon his breast, saying, God be merciful to me a sinner.

Luke 18:11-13

"I tell you, this man went down to his house justified rather than the other: for every one that exalteth himself shall be abased; and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted" (18:14). The Pharisee trusted his own works; the publican trusted God's mercy alone. The word "merciful" here means "be propitiated," that is, "let your wrath be turned away by sacrifice." Justification, being declared righteous by God, comes not by works but by humble faith in God's mercy (Romans 3:24-28; 4:5).

Children, a rich ruler and the cross (18:15-34). "Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child shall in no wise enter therein" (18:17). A rich ruler went away sorrowful when told to sell all and follow Jesus (18:18-23). "The things which are impossible with men are possible with God" (18:27). Jesus told the twelve plainly that "all things that are written by the prophets concerning the Son of man shall be accomplished" in Jerusalem, including His mocking, scourging, death and resurrection, "And they understood none of these things" (18:31-34).

The blind man near Jericho (18:35-43). A blind beggar cried, "Jesus, thou son of David, have mercy on me," and would not be silenced. "Receive thy sight: thy faith hath saved thee. And immediately he received his sight, and followed him, glorifying God" (18:42-43).

Chapter 19:1-27 — Zacchaeus and the Pounds

Zacchaeus (19:1-10). In Jericho lived Zacchaeus, "the chief among the publicans, and he was rich" (19:2). He wanted to see Jesus but was too short to see over the crowd, so he ran ahead and climbed a sycamore tree (19:3-4).

And when Jesus came to the place, he looked up, and saw him, and said unto him, Zacchaeus, make haste, and come down; for to day I must abide at thy house.

Luke 19:5

Jesus knew his name and invited Himself to the home of the most hated man in town. Zacchaeus "received him joyfully," while the crowd murmured that Jesus had gone "to be guest with a man that is a sinner" (19:6-7). The change in Zacchaeus was immediate and practical: "Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor; and if I have taken any thing from any man by false accusation, I restore him fourfold" (19:8), going far beyond what the law required (Leviticus 6:5; compare Exodus 22:1).

This day is salvation come to this house, forsomuch as he also is a son of Abraham. For the Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost.

Luke 19:9-10

This is the key verse of Luke. Zacchaeus' generosity did not earn salvation; it showed that salvation had come.

The pounds (19:11-27). Because some thought the kingdom would appear immediately, Jesus told of a nobleman who went to a far country to receive a kingdom and return. He gave each of ten servants a pound, saying, "Occupy till I come" (19:13). His citizens hated him and said, "We will not have this man to reign over us" (19:14). On his return he rewarded the faithful servants with authority over cities, took the pound from the servant who had hidden it, and judged his enemies (19:15-27). Christ has gone to heaven and will return as King; meanwhile His servants must be faithful with what He has entrusted.

Section VI: Ministry in Jerusalem (Chapters 19:28-21:38)

Chapter 19:28-48 — The King Weeps over the City

As Jesus rode down the Mount of Olives on a colt, "the whole multitude of the disciples began to rejoice and praise God with a loud voice for all the mighty works that they had seen; Saying, Blessed be the King that cometh in the name of the Lord: peace in heaven, and glory in the highest" (19:37-38). When the Pharisees told Him to rebuke His disciples, He said, "if these should hold their peace, the stones would immediately cry out" (19:39-40; compare Habakkuk 2:11).

Then, seeing the city, He wept over it:

If thou hadst known, even thou, at least in this thy day, the things which belong unto thy peace! but now they are hid from thine eyes. For the days shall come upon thee, that thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and keep thee in on every side, And shall lay thee even with the ground, and thy children within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one stone upon another; because thou knewest not the time of thy visitation.

Luke 19:42-44

This was fulfilled in AD 70, when the Roman armies built siege works around Jerusalem and destroyed it. The King wept even as He pronounced judgment. He cleansed the temple (19:45-46) and "taught daily in the temple," while the leaders sought to destroy Him, "for all the people were very attentive to hear him" (19:47-48).

Chapter 20 — Questions and Answers

As in Matthew and Mark, Jesus answered the challenge to His authority (20:1-8), told the parable of the wicked husbandmen (20:9-19), answered the question about tribute to Caesar (20:20-26), and refuted the Sadducees. Luke adds that the resurrected "are equal unto the angels; and are the children of God, being the children of the resurrection," and that God is the God of the living, "for all live unto him" (20:36-38). Jesus asked how the Christ can be David's son when David calls Him Lord (20:41-44), and warned against the scribes (20:45-47).

Chapter 21 — The Widow, Jerusalem and the End

The poor widow's two mites were more than all the gifts of the rich (21:1-4). Luke's version of the Olivet Discourse contains specific detail about the fall of Jerusalem:

And when ye shall see Jerusalem compassed with armies, then know that the desolation thereof is nigh. Then let them which are in Judaea flee to the mountains... And they shall fall by the edge of the sword, and shall be led away captive into all nations: and Jerusalem shall be trodden down of the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled.

Luke 21:20-24

Christians in Jerusalem heeded this warning in AD 66-70 and fled before the city fell. The Jewish people were scattered among the nations, and Jerusalem was under Gentile control for most of the following centuries. "The times of the Gentiles" will be fulfilled when Christ returns. Then "there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth distress of nations... Men's hearts failing them for fear... And then shall they see the Son of man coming in a cloud with power and great glory" (21:25-27).

And when these things begin to come to pass, then look up, and lift up your heads; for your redemption draweth nigh.

Luke 21:28

"Heaven and earth shall pass away: but my words shall not pass away" (21:33). "Take heed to yourselves, lest at any time your hearts be overcharged with surfeiting, and drunkenness, and cares of this life, and so that day come upon you unawares" (21:34). "Watch ye therefore, and pray always, that ye may be accounted worthy to escape all these things that shall come to pass, and to stand before the Son of man" (21:36).

Section VII: The Passion and Resurrection (Chapters 22-24)

Chapter 22 — The Supper, Gethsemane and the Trial

"Then entered Satan into Judas surnamed Iscariot" (22:3), and he agreed to betray Jesus (22:4-6). Jesus sent Peter and John to prepare the Passover (22:8-13).

The Last Supper (22:14-38). "With desire I have desired to eat this passover with you before I suffer" (22:15).

And he took bread, and gave thanks, and brake it, and gave unto them, saying, This is my body which is given for you: this do in remembrance of me. Likewise also the cup after supper, saying, This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you.

Luke 22:19-20

Luke's wording closely matches Paul's account (1 Corinthians 11:23-26); both include "this do in remembrance of me," the basis of the Lord's Supper as a memorial ordinance. Even at the table, the disciples argued about who was greatest. Jesus said, "I am among you as he that serveth" (22:24-27), and promised them a kingdom and thrones (22:28-30). Then He spoke to Peter:

Simon, Simon, behold, Satan hath desired to have you, that he may sift you as wheat: But I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not: and when thou art converted, strengthen thy brethren.

Luke 22:31-32

Jesus knew Peter would fall, prayed for him in advance, and already planned his restoration and future ministry. Peter's courage would fail, but his faith would not. Jesus foretold Peter's denial (22:33-34), and quoted Isaiah 53:12: "And he was reckoned among the transgressors: for the things concerning me have an end" (22:37).

Gethsemane (22:39-46). "Pray that ye enter not into temptation" (22:40).

Father, if thou be willing, remove this cup from me: nevertheless not my will, but thine, be done. And there appeared an angel unto him from heaven, strengthening him. And being in an agony he prayed more earnestly: and his sweat was as it were great drops of blood falling down to the ground.

Luke 22:42-44

Luke the physician records the angel and the bloody sweat, a rare condition (hematidrosis) associated with extreme anguish. The disciples were "sleeping for sorrow" (22:45).

The arrest (22:47-53). "Judas, betrayest thou the Son of man with a kiss?" (22:48). When a disciple cut off the right ear of the high priest's servant, Jesus said, "Suffer ye thus far," and touched his ear and healed him (22:50-51), His last healing miracle before the cross, performed on an enemy. "This is your hour, and the power of darkness" (22:53).

Peter's denial (22:54-62). After the third denial, while Peter was still speaking, the cock crew. "And the Lord turned, and looked upon Peter. And Peter remembered the word of the Lord... And Peter went out, and wept bitterly" (22:60-62). Only Luke records that look.

Before the council (22:63-71). The guards mocked, blindfolded and struck Him (22:63-65). The council asked, "Art thou the Christ?" He said, "Hereafter shall the Son of man sit on the right hand of the power of God." "Art thou then the Son of God?" "Ye say that I am" (22:67-70), a Greek idiom meaning "Yes, I am."

Chapter 23 — The Crucifixion

Before Pilate and Herod (23:1-25). The leaders accused Jesus falsely: "perverting the nation, and forbidding to give tribute to Caesar, saying that he himself is Christ a King" (23:2); He had in fact said the opposite about tribute (20:25). Pilate said, "I find no fault in this man" (23:4). Learning Jesus was from Galilee, Pilate sent Him to Herod Antipas, who was in Jerusalem (23:6-7). Herod hoped to see a miracle, but Jesus answered him nothing; Herod and his soldiers mocked Him, dressed Him in a gorgeous robe, and sent Him back. "And the same day Pilate and Herod were made friends together" (23:8-12). Three times Pilate declared Jesus innocent (23:4, 14-15, 22), but the crowd cried, "Crucify him, crucify him" (23:21), and Pilate released Barabbas and "delivered Jesus to their will" (23:25).

On the way to the cross (23:26-32). Simon of Cyrene carried the cross "after Jesus" (23:26), a picture of discipleship. Women followed, weeping. Jesus said, "Daughters of Jerusalem, weep not for me, but weep for yourselves, and for your children," warning of the coming destruction: "For if they do these things in a green tree, what shall be done in the dry?" (23:28-31). If the innocent One suffered so, how much more the guilty nation.

The crucifixion (23:33-49). "And when they were come to the place, which is called Calvary, there they crucified him, and the malefactors, one on the right hand, and the other on the left" (23:33).

Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.

Luke 23:34

His first word from the cross was a prayer for His executioners (Isaiah 53:12). The rulers, soldiers and one of the criminals mocked Him: "If thou be Christ, save thyself and us" (23:35-39). The superscription was written "in letters of Greek, and Latin, and Hebrew, THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS" (23:38). But the other criminal rebuked him:

Dost not thou fear God, seeing thou art in the same condemnation? And we indeed justly; for we receive the due reward of our deeds: but this man hath done nothing amiss. And he said unto Jesus, Lord, remember me when thou comest into thy kingdom. And Jesus said unto him, Verily I say unto thee, To day shalt thou be with me in paradise.

Luke 23:40-43

The dying thief feared God, confessed his own sin, declared Jesus innocent, called Him Lord, and believed He would have a kingdom. He could do no good works, attend no church and receive no baptism, yet Jesus promised that he would be with Him in paradise that very day. Salvation is by grace through faith alone (Ephesians 2:8-9), and at death the believer's spirit goes immediately to be with Christ (2 Corinthians 5:8; Philippians 1:23).

Darkness covered the land from the sixth to the ninth hour, "And the sun was darkened, and the veil of the temple was rent in the midst" (23:44-45).

And when Jesus had cried with a loud voice, he said, Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit: and having said thus, he gave up the ghost.

Luke 23:46

He died with the words of Psalm 31:5, committing Himself to His Father in trust. The centurion "glorified God, saying, Certainly this was a righteous man" (23:47). The people who had watched "smote their breasts, and returned" (23:48).

The burial (23:50-56). Joseph of Arimathea, "a good man, and a just: (The same had not consented to the counsel and deed of them;)," who "waited for the kingdom of God," buried Jesus in a new rock-hewn tomb (23:50-53). The women from Galilee saw where He was laid, prepared spices, "and rested the sabbath day according to the commandment" (23:55-56).

Chapter 24 — The Risen Lord

The empty tomb (24:1-12). Early on the first day of the week, the women came with spices and found the stone rolled away and the body gone (24:1-3). Two men in shining garments said:

Why seek ye the living among the dead? He is not here, but is risen: remember how he spake unto you when he was yet in Galilee, Saying, The Son of man must be delivered into the hands of sinful men, and be crucified, and the third day rise again.

Luke 24:5-7

Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Mary the mother of James and other women told the apostles, "And their words seemed to them as idle tales, and they believed them not" (24:10-11). The disciples did not expect a resurrection; they had to be convinced. Peter ran to the tomb and saw the linen clothes lying by themselves (24:12).

The road to Emmaus (24:13-35). That afternoon two disciples, one named Cleopas, were walking to Emmaus, about seven miles from Jerusalem, discussing everything that had happened. Jesus drew near and walked with them, "But their eyes were holden that they should not know him" (24:15-16). They told Him of their crushed hopes: "we trusted that it had been he which should have redeemed Israel" (24:21). He answered:

O fools, and slow of heart to believe all that the prophets have spoken: Ought not Christ to have suffered these things, and to enter into his glory? And beginning at Moses and all the prophets, he expounded unto them in all the scriptures the things concerning himself.

Luke 24:25-27

The whole Old Testament speaks of Christ, His suffering and His glory. At Emmaus they urged Him, "Abide with us: for it is toward evening" (24:29). At the table "he took bread, and blessed it, and brake, and gave to them. And their eyes were opened, and they knew him; and he vanished out of their sight" (24:30-31).

And they said one to another, Did not our heart burn within us, while he talked with us by the way, and while he opened to us the scriptures?

Luke 24:32

They hurried back to Jerusalem and found the eleven saying, "The Lord is risen indeed, and hath appeared to Simon" (24:33-34; 1 Corinthians 15:5).

Appearance to the disciples (24:36-49). As they spoke, Jesus stood among them: "Peace be unto you." They were terrified, thinking they saw a spirit (24:36-37).

Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have.

Luke 24:39

He ate broiled fish and honeycomb before them (24:42-43). His resurrection was bodily, not merely spiritual. Then He explained the Scriptures:

These are the words which I spake unto you, while I was yet with you, that all things must be fulfilled, which were written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the psalms, concerning me. Then opened he their understanding, that they might understand the scriptures

Luke 24:44-45

The three divisions of the Hebrew Bible (Law, Prophets and Writings, here represented by the Psalms) all speak of Him. "Thus it is written, and thus it behoved Christ to suffer, and to rise from the dead the third day: And that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in his name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem. And ye are witnesses of these things" (24:46-48). "And, behold, I send the promise of my Father upon you: but tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem, until ye be endued with power from on high" (24:49), fulfilled at Pentecost (Acts 1:4-8; 2:1-4).

The ascension (24:50-53). "And he led them out as far as to Bethany, and he lifted up his hands, and blessed them. And it came to pass, while he blessed them, he was parted from them, and carried up into heaven" (24:50-51). His last action on earth was blessing His people. "And they worshipped him, and returned to Jerusalem with great joy: And were continually in the temple, praising and blessing God. Amen" (24:52-53). The Gospel that began in the temple with Zacharias' priestly service (1:8-9) ends in the temple with joyful worship of the risen and ascended Lord.

Part Three: Christ in Luke

Titles of Christ in Luke

The Praying Saviour

Luke shows Jesus' human dependence on His Father through prayer:

The Saviour of the Outcast

The Parables Found Only in Luke

Part Four: Fulfilled Prophecies

Old Testament Prophecies Fulfilled in Luke

Jesus' Own Prophecies Fulfilled

Part Five: Key Passages in Depth

Luke 1:26-38 — The Annunciation

The angel announced a miraculous conception by the Holy Spirit, the eternal reign of David's Son, and a child who would be "the Son of God." Mary responded with humble faith: "Be it unto me according to thy word." She is a model of submission to God's will, and she herself rejoiced in "God my Saviour."

Luke 2:8-14 — Good Tidings of Great Joy

The news of the Saviour came first to shepherds. It is good news, it brings great joy, it is for all people, and it centres on a Person: a Saviour, Christ the Lord. Heaven responds with glory to God and peace to men.

Luke 2:49-52 — The Boy Jesus

At twelve, Jesus was conscious of His unique relationship with His Father, yet He submitted to His earthly parents and grew in every way. He sanctified ordinary human life.

Luke 4:16-21 — The Mission Statement

Jesus declared that He fulfilled Isaiah 61: anointed by the Spirit to bring good news to the poor, healing to the brokenhearted, freedom to captives, sight to the blind, and liberty to the oppressed. He stopped before "the day of vengeance," which awaits His return.

Luke 10:25-37 — The Good Samaritan

Love for one's neighbour crosses every barrier of race, religion and prejudice. The religious professionals passed by; the despised outsider showed mercy. "Go, and do thou likewise."

Luke 10:38-42 — The One Thing Needful

Even good service can crowd out what matters most: sitting at Jesus' feet and hearing His word.

Luke 15 — Lost and Found

Three parables reveal God's heart: He seeks the lost, rejoices when they are found, and welcomes repentant sinners with lavish grace. They also expose the self-righteous who resent that grace.

Luke 16:19-31 — The Rich Man and Lazarus

This passage lifts the veil on life after death: conscious existence, comfort for the righteous, torment for the lost, a fixed gulf, and the sufficiency of Scripture for salvation.

Luke 18:9-14 — Justified by Mercy

The proud Pharisee trusted his own righteousness; the humble publican cast himself on God's mercy, and went home justified. Salvation comes to those who confess their need, not to those who parade their merits.

Luke 19:1-10 — Seeking and Saving the Lost

Jesus sought out Zacchaeus, called him by name, and brought salvation to his house. True conversion produced immediate generosity and restitution. This is why Christ came.

Luke 22:31-32 — Christ's Prayer for Peter

Jesus knew Peter would fail, prayed that his faith would not fail, and planned for his restoration and ministry. Christ intercedes for His people still (Hebrews 7:25).

Luke 23:34, 39-46 — Words from the Cross

"Father, forgive them"; "To day shalt thou be with me in paradise"; "Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit." These three sayings, found only in Luke, reveal Christ's forgiving love, His saving power to the last moment, and His perfect trust in the Father.

Luke 24:13-35 — The Road to Emmaus

The risen Christ explained Himself from all the Scriptures, and the disciples' hearts burned. He is the key to understanding the whole Bible, and He makes Himself known to those who welcome Him.

Luke 24:44-53 — The Scriptures, the Commission and the Ascension

Christ is the theme of the whole Old Testament. His suffering and resurrection are the basis for preaching repentance and forgiveness in His name to all nations, in the power of the Spirit. He ascended blessing His people, who returned with joy.

Part Six: The Major Teachings of Luke

1. Jesus Is the Saviour of All

He came "to seek and to save that which was lost" (19:10), for all people, Jew and Gentile (2:10, 32; 3:6, 38; 24:47).

2. The Virgin Birth and Incarnation

Jesus was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of a virgin, truly God and truly man (1:35; 2:52).

3. God's Grace to Outcasts and Sinners

He receives sinners, eats with them, and rejoices over their repentance (5:32; 15; 19:1-10).

4. Justification by Faith

The publican and the penitent thief were saved by faith in God's mercy, not by works (18:9-14; 23:39-43; 7:50).

5. Prayer

Jesus prayed constantly and taught His disciples to pray persistently and humbly (11:1-13; 18:1-14).

6. The Holy Spirit

The Spirit filled John, Elisabeth, Zacharias and Simeon, came upon Mary, anointed Jesus, and was promised to all who ask and to the disciples for their mission (1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25-27; 4:1, 18; 11:13; 24:49).

7. The Danger of Riches and the Call to Generosity

Wealth can blind people to God and to others (12:13-21; 16:19-31; 18:22-25); true faith gives generously (19:8; 21:1-4).

8. The Cost of Discipleship

Following Christ means daily cross-bearing, putting Him first, and counting the cost (9:23, 57-62; 14:25-33).

9. Joy and Praise

The gospel brings great joy, and heaven rejoices over every repentant sinner (2:10; 15:7, 10; 24:52-53).

10. Life After Death and Judgment

Conscious existence after death; heaven and hell; a final judgment (16:19-31; 23:43; 12:4-5).

11. The Fulfillment of Scripture

All the Scriptures speak of Christ and are fulfilled in Him (4:21; 24:25-27, 44-47).

12. The Resurrection and the Mission

Christ rose bodily, and His witnesses must preach repentance and forgiveness in His name to all nations (24:39-49).

Part Seven: Connections — How Luke Links to the Rest of the Bible

Luke and the Old Testament

Luke and the New Testament

Themes That Run from Luke Through Scripture

Part Eight: Practical Lessons

• Know the certainty of what you believe (1:4).
• Believe God's promises, unlike Zacharias at first (1:20).
• Surrender to God's will like Mary (1:38).
• Magnify the Lord, and rejoice in God your Saviour (1:46-47).
• Share the good news like the shepherds (2:17).
• Ponder God's works in your heart (2:19).
• Be about your Father's business (2:49).
• Grow in wisdom, stature and favour with God and man (2:52).
• Show repentance in everyday honesty and generosity (3:10-14).
• Obey Christ's word even when it makes no sense to you (5:5).
• Pray before making important decisions (6:12).
• Love your enemies, and be merciful (6:27, 36).
• Give generously (6:38).
• Love much, because you have been forgiven much (7:47).
• Take heed how you hear (8:18).
• Take up your cross daily (9:23).
• Don't look back once you have put your hand to the plough (9:62).
• Rejoice that your name is written in heaven (10:20).
• Be a neighbour to anyone in need (10:37).
• Choose the one thing needful (10:42).
• Pray persistently (11:8; 18:1).
• Beware of covetousness (12:15).
• Be rich toward God (12:21).
• Be ready for the Master's return (12:35-40).
• Repent before it is too late (13:3-5).
• Take the lowest place (14:10-11).
• Count the cost of following Christ (14:28).
• Rejoice over sinners who repent; don't be like the elder brother (15:7, 28).
• Be faithful in little things (16:10).
• Heed the Scriptures while there is time (16:31).
• Forgive repeatedly (17:4).
• Give thanks like the Samaritan leper (17:15-16).
• Humble yourself before God, and trust His mercy (18:13-14).
• Seek Jesus wholeheartedly, like Zacchaeus (19:3-4).
• Lift up your head; your redemption draws near (21:28).
• Serve others as Christ served (22:27).
• Forgive those who wrong you (23:34).
• Let Christ open the Scriptures to you (24:27, 45).
• Be His witness to all nations in the power of the Spirit (24:48-49).

Part Nine: Key Verses to Memorize

Conclusion

Luke, the beloved physician and careful historian, wrote an orderly account so that his readers might know the certainty of the gospel. He presents Jesus as the Son of Man and the Saviour of all, whose genealogy reaches back to Adam and whose salvation reaches out to all nations. He tells the story of the Saviour's coming with songs of joy, of a baby in a manger announced to shepherds, of a boy about His Father's business. He shows the Spirit-anointed Christ preaching good news to the poor, praying through the night, raising a widow's only son, forgiving a weeping woman, and telling the stories of the Good Samaritan, the lost sheep, coin and son, the rich man and Lazarus, and the Pharisee and the publican. He shows Jesus setting His face toward Jerusalem, seeking out Zacchaeus, weeping over the city, sweating as it were drops of blood, praying for His executioners, and promising paradise to a dying thief. And he ends with the risen Lord opening the Scriptures to burning hearts, showing His hands and feet, commissioning His witnesses to all nations, and ascending as He blessed them, while they returned to Jerusalem with great joy. The Son of man came to seek and to save that which was lost, and He is seeking still.

For the Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost.

Luke 19:10